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The vanA/vanB D-Ala:D-Lac ligase (qPCR) product is used to determine the sequences of genes encoding vanA and vanB D-Ala:D-Lac ligases in DNA preparations obtained from human material.
Kit size: 100 markers
Reaction: triplex (FAM: vanA ligase, HEX: internal control, Texas Red: vanB ligase)
Internal control: exogenous/endogenous
Determination: qualitative/quantitative
Kit components:
VanA and vanB ligases are enzymes associated with the acquired resistance of bacteria (especially enterococci) to glycopeptide antibiotics such as vancomycin. They produce proteins similar to D-alanine:D-alanine ligase, which convert D-alanine (D-Ala) to D-lactate (D-Lac) in the bacterial cell membrane. This leads to a change in the target site of vancomycin, reducing its effectiveness.
In recent years, six genotypes of vancomycin-resistant enterococci have been identified, including vanA, B, C, D, E, and G. The most important of these are the genes encoding vanA and vanB ligases. VanA and vanB genes are the most common phenotypes observed in hospital isolates. Enterococci containing the vanA gene are highly resistant to the antibiotics vancomycin and teicoplanin, while enterococci containing the vanB gene show high resistance to vancomycin and sensitivity to teicoplanin.
Enterococci are Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the genus Enterococcus, which are part of the natural flora of the human gastrointestinal tract. Although enterococci are commensal members of the gastrointestinal tract, these organisms can also cause hospital-acquired and community-acquired infections. The most common infections caused by enterococci are urinary tract infections. Enterococcus bacteria have been identified as the second and third etiological factors in urinary tract infections and hospital-acquired bacteremia. The most commonly isolated species from clinical samples are Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Increasingly, these isolates are resistant to a range of antibiotics, including vancomycin, which is becoming a serious problem in the treatment of infections caused by this group of bacteria.
The ineffectiveness of antibiotic treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) is a serious and growing problem, resulting in increased mortality and hospital costs. Patients infected or colonized with VRE are a source of spread of these bacteria, and the presence of VRE in the gastrointestinal tract of patients is associated with clinically serious infections, such as gastrointestinal infections.
Problems caused by VRE include medical limitations in the treatment of these infections and the ability of these bacteria to transfer vancomycin-resistant genes to other Gram-positive pathogens. If vancomycin-resistant genes are transferred to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, this pathogen will be transformed into a vancomycin-resistant strain that does not respond to conventional antibiotics.
